General Organic Chemistry- General Organic Chemistry introduces students to the core concepts of organic chemistry. A solid comprehension of the principles covered by GOC is essential for studying more advanced topics.
General Components of Organic Reactions- Organic reaction reactants are categorized as follows:
Reagents- Chemical species that cause a reaction by attacking another species.
Substrate- In an organic reaction, the species that are attacked by a reagent.
The location of the reagent attack can differ depending on the type of the reagent-
Electrophiles- They are species that lack electrons and assault the substrate in an area with a lot of electrons.
Nucleophiles- They are species with lots of electrons that frequently give away their electrons. In general, nucleophiles attack the reagent at an area with low electron density.
In most chemical reactions, old chemical connections are broken and new ones are created. A covalent bond can break in one of two ways: homolytic fission creates species known as radicals, and heterolytic fission results in the production of an ion pair consisting of a positively charged cation and a negatively charged cation, and a negatively charged anion.
Inductive Effects- A carbon chain is transformed into a permanent dipole when an electron-deficient molecule is added. The difference in the electronegativities of the atoms in the molecule is what causes the dipole, which is why this effect is known as the inductive effect. Down the carbon skeleton, the partial charge’s magnitude decreases. From the fourth carbon atom in the chain, its size can be avoided. The inductive effect is a long-lasting phenomenon that depends on distance and is transmitted via sigma bonds. Inductive effects can be divided into two categories: +I (raises acidity and reduces the basicity) and -I (reduces acidity and raises basicity).
Electromeric Effect- The whole transfer of pi electrons to one of the linked atoms in an organic molecule causes the electromeric effect. Because there is an attacking reagent present, it has a temporary effect. The electromeric effect disappears when the attacking reagent is removed from the system. There are two types of electromeric effects +E, the pi electron moves towards the attacking reagent when it is an electrophile, which then attaches to the negatively charged atom that still has the bond pair, and -E, The pi-electron shifts away from the attacking reagent when it is a nucleophile, which attaches to the negatively charged atom that lost its pi-electron.
Hyperconjugation- Adjacent sigma bonds that provide empty p-orbitals with electrons stabilize carbocations. Hyperconjugation is the term used to describe this impact, which is permanent.
Mesomeric- The delocalization of electrons through a network of pi bonds is a component of the mesomeric effect. The polarity that emerges in organic compounds as a result of interactions between two pi bonds is caused by the mesomeric effect. Consequently, both negative and positive charges can be stabilized. Two different forms of mesomeric effects exist- +M, electrons are donated by a pi-system in this process, and they usually travel away from these groups, -M, Since electrons usually advance these groups, it involves a pi-system accepting electrons.
Resonance Effect- Pi-electrons and lone pairs over molecules are delocalized as a result of the resonance effect. As a result, various speculative molecular configurations called resonance structures are produced. Two distinct resonance effects exist: +R happens when a single pair of electrons enter a molecule, -R, It generally happens because of species that lose electrons or species with empty p or d orbitals.
Isomerism- Multiple compounds with the same chemical formula but different chemical structures are said to exhibit isomeric behavior. Isomers are the names of chemical substances that exhibit isomerism. Stereoisomerism and structural isomerism are the two different types of isomerism.
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